ratman
2022-10-11 04:02:05 UTC
You wake up to a dark, dreary, glum morning. For the 547th consecutive
day. Just 18 months prior, you were a hard-working farmer gearing up for
another bountiful crop season.
But then the skies went dark. And they stayed darkday after day, month
after monthfrom early 536 to 537. Across much of Eastern Europe and
throughout Asia, spring turned into summer and fall gave way to winter
without a day of sunshine. Like a blackout curtain over the sun, millions
of people across the world's most populated countries squinted through dim
conditions, breathing in the chokingly thick air and losing nearly every
crop they were relying on to harvest.
This isn't the plot of a dystopian TV drama or a fantastical "docufiction"
production.
This was a harsh reality for the millions of people who lived through that
literally dark time or, as some historians have declared, the very "worst
year ever to be alive."
"For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon,
during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse,
for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is accustomed to
shed," was the grim account Procopius, a prominent scholar who became the
principal Byzantine historian of the 6th century, gave in History of the
Wars. "And from the time when this thing happened men were free neither
from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading to death."
Some 1,500 years later, Harvard University medieval historian Michael
McCormick has reached a similarly grim conclusion about not just 536, but
the dreadful decade that followed. For people living across Europe in 536,
"it was the beginning of one of the worst periods to be alive, if not the
worst year," McCormick said.
As McCormick told AccuWeather, it was all set off by rapid, drastic
climate change. In the spring of 536, he noted that a volcanic eruption
triggered the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). Its ramifications, on
top of ensuing eruptions in 540 and 547, were devastating.
"Aerosols for the big volcanic eruptions blocked solar radiation, dropping
the solar heating of the Earth's surface," he told AccuWeather, adding
that climate analysis from Cambridge University in the U.K. done on tree
rings show the average summer temperature "dropped by between 1.5 and 2.5
C across Eurasia."
That's up to 2.7 to 4.5 F cooler due to the heavy smog left behind after
the eruption. The skies remained dimmed for up to 18 months, multiple
historical witnesses recounted, triggering the dark year of turmoil that
earned 536 its dubious distinction.
Weather patterns were severely affected by the blocked sunlight, leading
to summer snowfall in China and the lowest temperature levels in more than
2,300 years, according to recorded historical accounts and climate
reconstruction analysis.
In the Middle East, China, and Europe, a dense fog was an inescapable
daily nightmare while widespread agricultural challenges in Ireland
resulted in a "failure of bread from the years 536-539 AD," according to
The Gaelic Irish Annals.
Much of scientists' understanding of the impacts of the Iceland volcano
was found during the Historical Ice Core Project, a partnership between
the University of Maine and Harvard University that McCormick co-led along
with Professor Paul Mayewski of the Climate Change Institute. Using ice
core samples from Iceland, the team mapped out an archeological timeline
to pinpoint when and where the initial volcanic eruption must have
occurred in Iceland. Its impacts were widespread and deadly.
"Ancient eyewitnesses report that the sun stopped shining brightly for 14-
18 months," McCormick said. "The result was several years of failed
harvests, famines, causing migrations and turbulence across Eurasia."
While the 6th-century outbreak of the bubonic plague may be less
remembered than the 14th-century reoccurrence of the disease (which came
to be known as the Black Death), the 6th-century pandemic was still
responsible for destroying at least one-third of the eastern Roman Empire
population, leading to its collapse.
Dubbed the Justinian Pandemic or the Plague of Justinian, the disease
spread throughout Roman Egypt before infecting the rest of the world over
the ensuing 200 years. McCormick said ancient DNA has shown the disease-
causing pathogen to beYersinia pestis, bubonic plague, a disease of rats
and other rodents that spilled into human populations.
In the wake of the climate-altering volcanic eruptions and darkened year
of 536, McCormick said the situation was fatally ripe for the plague to
wreak havoc.
Although he said there has yet to be a precise link established between
the abrupt onset of the LALIA and the Justinian Pandemic, McCormick said
"it seems likely that, for instance, the food shortages caused by the
sudden cooling in many parts of Eurasia weakened the populations and made
them more susceptible to the pathogen." The famines almost certainly led
to mass migrations of people as well, he said, likely carrying the disease
with them.
Compared to the modern-day hardships dealt by COVID-19, the differences
are shocking.
"You have to take the period as a whole," he said, adding that "536 was
just the beginning of a very tough time. The plague pandemic on top of the
abrupt cooling must have been very difficult. Today COVID-19 is terrible,
but compare the death rate for bubonic plague." He pointed to the 1.8%
case-fatality ratio in the United States compared to the 40% to 60%
mortality rate for untreated bubonic plague.
So just how massive must those volcanic eruptions have been?
Mayewski, a glaciologist from the University of Maine, was also heavily
involved in the Historical Ice Core Project and he told Science Magazine
that his team was able to analyze 2,000 years' worth of historic, natural
disasters taken from a 72-meter drilling in Iceland that presented the
researchers with a historical timeline of element levels.
Using a laser to carve 120-micron slivers of ice from the core, scientists
could analyze the element spikes and drops of different moments in history
to line them up with disasters that helped better piece together our
understanding of what shaped the world we live in today.
In the ice sample from the spring of 536, graduate student Laura Hartman
and volcanologist Andrei Kurbatov found microscopic particles of volcanic
glass, which closely matched glass particles previously found in lakes
around Europe, and an ice core sample taken from Greenland.
Kurbatov concluded that the perfectly disastrous mix of winds and weather
in 536 must have guided the plume across Europe and into Asia, casting a
chilly pall as the volcanic fog "rolled through."
Other researchers also believe that the Icelandic 536 eruption emitted
thick ash that spread across the Northern Hemisphere, pumping large
quantities of sulfate into the atmosphere, according to a 2015 article in
Smithsonian magazine.
On top of that eruption, other studies conducted recently have suggested
that there could have been more than one volcano responsible for that time
period's tragedies.
The other notable blast, researchers say, is believed to have been one of
the strongest eruptions of the last 10,000 years, likely only comparable
to the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.
That Mount Tambora eruption also led to a similarly bleak year, as much of
1816 was also shrouded in darkness, leading to unprecedented low
temperatures and hundreds of thousands of deaths from the eruption and
starvation due to that season's failed crops. That time period became
known as "The Year Without a Summer." In the U.S., snow fell in June in
New York and Maine while heavy frosts and ice storms occurred as late as
July in the region.
In the 6th century, the other history-altering volcano erupted about 5,000
miles away from Iceland in Central America, with a volcanic blast more
than a hundred times stronger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,
Researcher Robert Dull told National Geographic.
A team of researchers published a study in the Quaternary Science Reviews,
placing the location of the eruption in central El Salvador from the
dormant Ilopango. Today, a lake the size of 28 square miles sits in the
volcanic caldera left behind.
"This is the largest eruption in Central America that human beings have
ever witnessed," Dull, a geologist at California Lutheran University, told
the publication. "The importance of the event is even greater, both how
the Maya overcame it and how it impacted what happened next."
The pair of cataclysmic eruptions are believed to have combined to trigger
the following decade's years of disease, famine, and tragedy.
Using historical dating techniques such as tree ring analysis and stable
carbon isotope records, the researchers presented a model to depict just
how brutal life was for people alive at that time.
The dust veil, they say, reduced normal levels of solar radiation and thus
ruined years of crop harvests, and "contributed to remarkably simultaneous
outbreaks of famine," leaving humans with a long-term lack of Vitamin D,
which diminished health and quality of life in those years of darkness.
McCormick said that as more natural climate records and LALIA
reconstructions are better understood, scientists will be able to better
understand how that dust veil drastically changed the weather in different
parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
"The Arabian peninsula, for instance, might have become a little less dry,
while the effect seems more dramatic and negative north of the
Mediterranean," he said. "So far, most of the natural climate records from
which the LALIA has been reconstructed come from Eurasia and North
America, so more northerly latitudes."
Even if it may sound hard to believe given the past 100 years of multiple
World Wars and numerous, devastating pandemics, McCormick told History.com
that the horrifying period of history was not blown out of proportion by
witness accounts.
"It was a pretty drastic change; it happened overnight," he said. "The
ancient witnesses really were on to something. They were not being
hysterical or imagining the end of the world."
Produced in association with AccuWeather.
This story was provided to Newsweek by Zenger News.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/when-the-sun-disappeared-
historians-detail-worst-year-ever-to-be-alive/ar-
AA12NxLH?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=79f6a1785bf54f4085e8728ca5b186b7
day. Just 18 months prior, you were a hard-working farmer gearing up for
another bountiful crop season.
But then the skies went dark. And they stayed darkday after day, month
after monthfrom early 536 to 537. Across much of Eastern Europe and
throughout Asia, spring turned into summer and fall gave way to winter
without a day of sunshine. Like a blackout curtain over the sun, millions
of people across the world's most populated countries squinted through dim
conditions, breathing in the chokingly thick air and losing nearly every
crop they were relying on to harvest.
This isn't the plot of a dystopian TV drama or a fantastical "docufiction"
production.
This was a harsh reality for the millions of people who lived through that
literally dark time or, as some historians have declared, the very "worst
year ever to be alive."
"For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon,
during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse,
for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is accustomed to
shed," was the grim account Procopius, a prominent scholar who became the
principal Byzantine historian of the 6th century, gave in History of the
Wars. "And from the time when this thing happened men were free neither
from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading to death."
Some 1,500 years later, Harvard University medieval historian Michael
McCormick has reached a similarly grim conclusion about not just 536, but
the dreadful decade that followed. For people living across Europe in 536,
"it was the beginning of one of the worst periods to be alive, if not the
worst year," McCormick said.
As McCormick told AccuWeather, it was all set off by rapid, drastic
climate change. In the spring of 536, he noted that a volcanic eruption
triggered the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). Its ramifications, on
top of ensuing eruptions in 540 and 547, were devastating.
"Aerosols for the big volcanic eruptions blocked solar radiation, dropping
the solar heating of the Earth's surface," he told AccuWeather, adding
that climate analysis from Cambridge University in the U.K. done on tree
rings show the average summer temperature "dropped by between 1.5 and 2.5
C across Eurasia."
That's up to 2.7 to 4.5 F cooler due to the heavy smog left behind after
the eruption. The skies remained dimmed for up to 18 months, multiple
historical witnesses recounted, triggering the dark year of turmoil that
earned 536 its dubious distinction.
Weather patterns were severely affected by the blocked sunlight, leading
to summer snowfall in China and the lowest temperature levels in more than
2,300 years, according to recorded historical accounts and climate
reconstruction analysis.
In the Middle East, China, and Europe, a dense fog was an inescapable
daily nightmare while widespread agricultural challenges in Ireland
resulted in a "failure of bread from the years 536-539 AD," according to
The Gaelic Irish Annals.
Much of scientists' understanding of the impacts of the Iceland volcano
was found during the Historical Ice Core Project, a partnership between
the University of Maine and Harvard University that McCormick co-led along
with Professor Paul Mayewski of the Climate Change Institute. Using ice
core samples from Iceland, the team mapped out an archeological timeline
to pinpoint when and where the initial volcanic eruption must have
occurred in Iceland. Its impacts were widespread and deadly.
"Ancient eyewitnesses report that the sun stopped shining brightly for 14-
18 months," McCormick said. "The result was several years of failed
harvests, famines, causing migrations and turbulence across Eurasia."
While the 6th-century outbreak of the bubonic plague may be less
remembered than the 14th-century reoccurrence of the disease (which came
to be known as the Black Death), the 6th-century pandemic was still
responsible for destroying at least one-third of the eastern Roman Empire
population, leading to its collapse.
Dubbed the Justinian Pandemic or the Plague of Justinian, the disease
spread throughout Roman Egypt before infecting the rest of the world over
the ensuing 200 years. McCormick said ancient DNA has shown the disease-
causing pathogen to beYersinia pestis, bubonic plague, a disease of rats
and other rodents that spilled into human populations.
In the wake of the climate-altering volcanic eruptions and darkened year
of 536, McCormick said the situation was fatally ripe for the plague to
wreak havoc.
Although he said there has yet to be a precise link established between
the abrupt onset of the LALIA and the Justinian Pandemic, McCormick said
"it seems likely that, for instance, the food shortages caused by the
sudden cooling in many parts of Eurasia weakened the populations and made
them more susceptible to the pathogen." The famines almost certainly led
to mass migrations of people as well, he said, likely carrying the disease
with them.
Compared to the modern-day hardships dealt by COVID-19, the differences
are shocking.
"You have to take the period as a whole," he said, adding that "536 was
just the beginning of a very tough time. The plague pandemic on top of the
abrupt cooling must have been very difficult. Today COVID-19 is terrible,
but compare the death rate for bubonic plague." He pointed to the 1.8%
case-fatality ratio in the United States compared to the 40% to 60%
mortality rate for untreated bubonic plague.
So just how massive must those volcanic eruptions have been?
Mayewski, a glaciologist from the University of Maine, was also heavily
involved in the Historical Ice Core Project and he told Science Magazine
that his team was able to analyze 2,000 years' worth of historic, natural
disasters taken from a 72-meter drilling in Iceland that presented the
researchers with a historical timeline of element levels.
Using a laser to carve 120-micron slivers of ice from the core, scientists
could analyze the element spikes and drops of different moments in history
to line them up with disasters that helped better piece together our
understanding of what shaped the world we live in today.
In the ice sample from the spring of 536, graduate student Laura Hartman
and volcanologist Andrei Kurbatov found microscopic particles of volcanic
glass, which closely matched glass particles previously found in lakes
around Europe, and an ice core sample taken from Greenland.
Kurbatov concluded that the perfectly disastrous mix of winds and weather
in 536 must have guided the plume across Europe and into Asia, casting a
chilly pall as the volcanic fog "rolled through."
Other researchers also believe that the Icelandic 536 eruption emitted
thick ash that spread across the Northern Hemisphere, pumping large
quantities of sulfate into the atmosphere, according to a 2015 article in
Smithsonian magazine.
On top of that eruption, other studies conducted recently have suggested
that there could have been more than one volcano responsible for that time
period's tragedies.
The other notable blast, researchers say, is believed to have been one of
the strongest eruptions of the last 10,000 years, likely only comparable
to the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.
That Mount Tambora eruption also led to a similarly bleak year, as much of
1816 was also shrouded in darkness, leading to unprecedented low
temperatures and hundreds of thousands of deaths from the eruption and
starvation due to that season's failed crops. That time period became
known as "The Year Without a Summer." In the U.S., snow fell in June in
New York and Maine while heavy frosts and ice storms occurred as late as
July in the region.
In the 6th century, the other history-altering volcano erupted about 5,000
miles away from Iceland in Central America, with a volcanic blast more
than a hundred times stronger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,
Researcher Robert Dull told National Geographic.
A team of researchers published a study in the Quaternary Science Reviews,
placing the location of the eruption in central El Salvador from the
dormant Ilopango. Today, a lake the size of 28 square miles sits in the
volcanic caldera left behind.
"This is the largest eruption in Central America that human beings have
ever witnessed," Dull, a geologist at California Lutheran University, told
the publication. "The importance of the event is even greater, both how
the Maya overcame it and how it impacted what happened next."
The pair of cataclysmic eruptions are believed to have combined to trigger
the following decade's years of disease, famine, and tragedy.
Using historical dating techniques such as tree ring analysis and stable
carbon isotope records, the researchers presented a model to depict just
how brutal life was for people alive at that time.
The dust veil, they say, reduced normal levels of solar radiation and thus
ruined years of crop harvests, and "contributed to remarkably simultaneous
outbreaks of famine," leaving humans with a long-term lack of Vitamin D,
which diminished health and quality of life in those years of darkness.
McCormick said that as more natural climate records and LALIA
reconstructions are better understood, scientists will be able to better
understand how that dust veil drastically changed the weather in different
parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
"The Arabian peninsula, for instance, might have become a little less dry,
while the effect seems more dramatic and negative north of the
Mediterranean," he said. "So far, most of the natural climate records from
which the LALIA has been reconstructed come from Eurasia and North
America, so more northerly latitudes."
Even if it may sound hard to believe given the past 100 years of multiple
World Wars and numerous, devastating pandemics, McCormick told History.com
that the horrifying period of history was not blown out of proportion by
witness accounts.
"It was a pretty drastic change; it happened overnight," he said. "The
ancient witnesses really were on to something. They were not being
hysterical or imagining the end of the world."
Produced in association with AccuWeather.
This story was provided to Newsweek by Zenger News.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/when-the-sun-disappeared-
historians-detail-worst-year-ever-to-be-alive/ar-
AA12NxLH?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=79f6a1785bf54f4085e8728ca5b186b7